The 100: A Ranking Of The Most Influential Persons In History

[William ArmsTronG]

Assalamo 3alykom, Shabab it book by Michael H. Hart (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_H._Hart) ( born April 28 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_28), 1932 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932) in New York City (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City), he is an American astrophysicist (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysicist) turned author and activist. He has worked for NASA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA) and been a professor of astronomy at Anne Arundel Community College (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Arundel_Community_College) in Arnold, Maryland (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%2C_Maryland) and a professor of physics at Trinity University (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_University_%28Texas%29) in San Antonio, Texas (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio%2C_Texas). He holds degrees in physics (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics), astronomy (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy), and law (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law))....



It is a ranking of the 100 people who, in his opinion, most influenced
human history (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_history). Since publication the book has been hotly debated and its concept widely copied. It is important to note that Dr. Hart did not rank the greatest people. His criterion was influence (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influence).It was firstly published in 1978...... Hart provides brief biographies of each of the individuals, as well as reasons for their ranking. Han2oloko 3l top 100 from least to most... w han2ol el brief biography beta3et No.1 (w da mofag2a)



http://img132.imageshack.us/img132/3244/top100coverlb5.jpg






100 Mahavira


founder of Jainism




99 Justinian I


Roman emperor; reconquered Mediterranean empire; accelerated Catholic-Monophysite schism




98 Homer


epic poet




97 Charlemagne


Holy Roman Empire created with his baptism in 800 AD




96 Menes (الملك مينا)


unified Upper and Lower Egypt





95 Mikhail Gorbachev


Russian premier who helped end Communism in USSR




94 Queen Elizabeth I


British monarch; restored Church of England to power after Queen Mary




93 Zoroaster


founder of Zoroastrianism




92 Mencius


philosopher; founder of a school of Confucianism




91 Henry Ford


developed automobile; achievement in manufacturing and assembly




90 Francis Bacon


philosopher; delineated inductive scientific method




89 Mao Zedong


founder of Maoism, Chinese form of Communism




88 Peter the Great


forged Russia into a great European nation




87 Cyrus the Great


founder of Persian empire




86 Vasco da Gama


navigator; discovered route from Europe to India around Cape Hood




85 Sui Wen Ti


unified China




84 Lenin


Russian ruler




83 Mani


founder of Manicheanism, once a world religion which rivaled Christianity in strength




82 Gregory Pincus


endocrinologist; developed birth-control pill




81 John F. Kennedy


U.S. President who led first successful effort by humans to travel to another "planet"




80 Thomas Malthus


economist; wrote Essay on the Principle of Population




79 Nicoli Machiavelli


wrote The Prince (influential political treatise)




78 Jean-Jacques Rousseau


French deistic philosopher and author




77 Leonhard Euler


physicist; mathematician; differential and integral calculus and algebra




76 Enrico Fermi


initiated the atomic age; father of atom bomb




75 Johannes Kepler


astronomer; planetary motions




74 Voltaire


writer and philosopher; wrote "Candide"




73 Lao Tzu


founder of Taoism




72 Johann Sebastian Bach


composer




71 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen


discovered X-rays




70 Edward Jenner


discoverer of the vaccination for smallpox




69 Sigmund Freud


founded Freudian school of psychology/psychoanalysis (i.e., the "religion of Freudianism")




68 William the Conqueror


laid foundation of modern England




67 Julius Caesar (يوليوس قيصر)


Roman emperor




66 Joseph Stalin


revolutionary and ruler of USSR




65 Queen Isabella I


Spanish ruler




64 Thomas Jefferson


3rd president of United States




63 Hernando Cortes


conquered Mexico for Spain; through war and introduction of new diseases he largely destroyed Aztec civilization




62 Francisco Pizarro


Spanish conqueror in South America; defeated Incas




61 Nikolaus August Otto


built first four-stroke internal combustion engine




60 Joseph Lister


principal discoverer of antiseptics which greatly reduced surgical mortality




59 Max Planck


physicist; thermodynamics




58 Gregor Mendel


Mendelian genetics




57 John Calvin


Protestant reformer; founder of Calvinism




56 Ernest Rutherford


physicist; pioneer of subatomic physics




55 William Harvey


physicist; pioneer of subatomic physics




54 St. Augustine


Early Christian theologian




53 Asoka


king of India who converted to and spread Buddhism




52 ""Umar ibn al-Khattab""(عمر بن الخطاب)


Second Caliph; expanded Muslim empire




51 Pope Urban II


called for First Crusade





to be continued.....

[William ArmsTronG]

Continue..........

50 Michelangelo
painter; sculptor; architect

49 Rene Descartes
Rationalist philosopher and mathematician


48 Simon Bolivar
National hero of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia


47 Louis Daguerre
an inventor/pioneer of photography


46 Werner Heisenberg
a founder of quantum mechanics; discovered principle of uncertainty; head of Nazi Germany's nuclear program


45 Ludwig van Beethoven
composer


44 John Locke
philosopher and liberal theologian


43 Alexander Fleming
penicillin; advances in bacteriology, immunology and
chemotherapy


42 Alexander Graham Bell
inventor of telephone


41 Oliver Cromwell
British political and military leader


40 Plato
founder of Platonism


39 Adolf Hitler
conqueror; led Axis Powers in WWII


38 Guglielmo Marconi
inventor of radio


37 William T.G. Morton
pioneer in anesthesiology


36 Antony van Leeuwenhoek
microscopes; studied microscopic life


35 Thomas Edison
inventor of light bulb, phonograph, etc.


34 Napoleon Bonaparte (نابليون)
French conqueror


33 Alexander the Great (الاسكندر الأكبر)
conqueror


32 John Dalton
chemist; physicist; atomic theory; law of partial pressures (Dalton's law)


31 Edward de Vere a.k.a. William Shakespeare
literature; also wrote 6 volumes about philosophy and religion


30 Adam Smith
economist; philosopher; expositor of capitalism; author: The Theory of Moral Sentiments


29 Genghis Khan (جنكيز خان)
Mongol conqueror


28 Orville and Wilbur Wright
inventors of airplane


27 Karl Marx
founder of Marxism, Marxist Communism


26 George Washington
first president of United States


25 Martin Luther
founder of Protestantism and Lutheranism


24 James Clerk Maxwell
physicist; electromagnetic spectrum


23 Michael Faraday
physicist; chemist; discovery of magneto-electricity


22 James Watt
developed steam engine


21 Constantine the Great
Roman emperor who completely legalized Christianity, leading to its status as state religion. Convened the First Council of Nicaea that produced the Nicene Creed, which rejected Arianism (one of two major strains of Christian thought) and established Athanasianism (Trinitarianism, the other strain) as "official doctrine."


20 Antoine Laurent Lavoisier
father of modern chemistry; philosopher; economist


19 Nicolaus Copernicus
astronomer; taught heliocentricity


18 Augustus Caesar
ruler


17 Shih Huang Ti
Chinese emperor


16 Charles Darwin
biologist; described Darwinian evolution, which had theological impact on many religions


15 Moses (موسى عليه السلام)
major prophet of Judaism


14 Euclid (إكليدس)
mathematician; Euclidian geometry


13 Aristotle (أرسطو)
influential Greek philosopher


12 Galileo Galilei (جاليليو)
astronomer; accurately described heliocentric solar system


11 Louis Pasteur
scientist; pasteurization


10 Albert Einstein
physicist; relativity; Einsteinian physics


9 Christopher Columbus
explorer; led Europe to Americas


8 Johann Gutenberg
developed movable type; printed Bibles


7 Ts'ai Lun
inventor of paper


6 St. Paul
proselytizer of Christianity


5 Confucius
founder of Confucianism


4 Buddha
founder of Buddhism


3 Jesus Christ (عيسى عليه السلام)
founder of Christianity


2 Isaac Newton (إسحاق نيوتن)
physicist; theory of universal gravitation; laws of motion


1 "Muhammad" (سيدنا محمد ص)
Prophet of Islam; conqueror of Arabia; Hart recognized that ranking Muhammad first might be controversial, but felt that, from a secular historian's perspective, this was the correct choice because Muhammad is the only man to have been both a founder of a major world religion and a major military/political leader.



Hart Said:"My choice of Muhammad to lead the list of the world's most influential persons may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others, but he was the only man in history who was supremely successful on both the religious and secular levels...

Muhammad founded and promulgated one of the world's great religions, and became an immensely effective political leader. Today, thirteen centuries after his death, his influence is still powerful and pervasive... Like all religions, Islam exerts an enormous influence upon the lives of its followers. It is for this reason that the founders of the world's great religions all figure prominently in this book. Since there are roughly twice as many Christians as Moslems in the world, it may initially seem strange that Muhammad has been ranked higher than Jesus. There are two principal reasons for that decision. First, Muhammad played a far more important role in the development of Islam than Jesus did in the development of Christianity. Although Jesus was responsible for the main ethical and moral precepts of Christianity (insofar as these differed from Judaism), St. Paul was the main developer of Christian theology, its principal proselytizer, and the author of a large portion of the New Testament.

Muhammad, however, was responsible for both the theology of Islam and its main ethical and moral principles. In addition, he played the key role in proselytizing the new faith, and in establishing the religious practices of Islam. Moreover, he is the author of the Moslem holy ******ures, the Koran, a collection of certain of Muhammad's insights that he believed had been directly revealed to him by Allah. Most of these utterances were copied more or less faithfully during Muhammad's lifetime and were collected together in authoritative form not long after his death. The Koran therefore, closely represents Muhammad's ideas and teachings and to a considerable extent his exact words. No such detailed compilation of the teachings of Christ has survived. Since the Koran is at least as important to Moslems as the Bible is to Christians, the influence of Muhammed through the medium of the Koran has been enormous It is probable that the relative influence of Muhammad on Islam has been larger than the combined influence of Jesus Christ and St. Paul on Christianity. On the purely religious level, then, it seems likely that Muhammad has been as influential in human history as Jesus.

Furthermore, Muhammad (unlike Jesus) was a secular as well as a religious leader. In fact, as the driving force behind the Arab conquests, he may well rank as the most influential political leader of all time... the Arab conquests of the seventh century have continued to play an important role in human history, down to the present day. It is this unparalleled combination of secular and religious influence which I feel entitles Muhammad to be considered the most influential single figure in human history."

For more information... and to know more about those persons visit.... http://www.adherents.com/adh_influ.html (http://www.adherents.com/adh_influ.html)

[mt man]

thanks so much

[lasmarani]

thanx for the information and hope to vote