تحليه المياه

[الدافوره]

السلام عليكم
ممكن مساعده
ارجوكم اللي عنده اي شي عن تحليه المياه ومعناه بالعربي يفيدني فيه الله يعافيه
لان عندي بحث عن تحليه المياه بالانجليزي شئ بسيط مو متعمق ولا عندي اي شئ عن هذا الموضوع حتى معناه مااعرفه
ولكم جزيل الشكر :smailes21:

[scorpionking4999]

إليك موضوع عن تحلية مياه البحر و معلومات عنه من موسوعة ويكيبديا
Desalination refers to any of several processes (e.g. reverse osmosis) that remove the excess salt and other minerals from water in order to obtain fresh water suitable for animal consumption or irrigation, and if almost all of the salt is removed, for human consumption, sometimes producing table salt as a by-product. Desalination of brackish water is already commonplace in the U.S., where it is used to meet treaty obligations for river water entering Mexico. Indeed, desalination has spread into use in over a hundred countries, with Saudi Arabia accounting for about 24% of total world capacity. Kuwait built the world's first large-scale desalination plant in the 1960s. Kuwait's energy reserves are so great that Kuwait is unique in using desalinated water for agriculture. The world's largest (reverse osmosis) desalination plant is in Ashkelon, Israel. It began operating on August 4, 2005, and it is capable of producing 100 million cubic meters of water per year


Desalination of ocean water is common in the Middle East and the Caribbean, and is growing fast in the USA, North Africa, Spain, Australia and China. It is also used on ships, submarines and islands.

The traditional process used in these operations is distillation — essentially the boiling of water at less than atmospheric pressure, and thus a much lower temperature than normal. Due to the reduced temperature, energy is saved.

In the last decade, membrane processes have grown very fast, and Reverse Osmosis (R.O.) has taken nearly half the world's installed capacity. Membrane processes use semi-permeable membranes to filter out dissolved material or fine solids. The systems are usually driven by high-pressure pumps, but the growth of more efficient energy-recovery devices has reduced the power consumption of these plants and made them much more viable; however, they remain energy intensive and, as energy costs rise, so will the cost of R.O. water.

Forward Osmosis (F.O.) employs a passive membrane filter that is hydrophylic (attracts water), slowly permeable to water, and blocks a portion of the solutes. Water is driven across the membrane by osmotic pressure created by food grade concentrate on the clean side of the membrane. Forward osmosis systems are passive in that they require no energy inputs. They are used for emergency desalination purposes in seawater and floodwater settings.

Environmental
From an environmental point of view, in some locations geothermal desalination can be preferable to using fossil groundwater or surface water for human needs, as in many regions the available surface and groundwater resources already have long been under severe stress.

Aside from the energy costs of the process, desalination plants produce hypersaline brine that must be disposed of. These concentrates are classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as industrial wastes. The hypersaline brine has the potential to harm ecosystems, especially marine environments in regions with low turbidity and high evaporation that already have elevated salinity. Examples of such locations are the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and, in particular, coral lagoons of atolls and other tropical islands around the world.
Concentrate disposal
Regardless of the method used, there is always a highly concentrated waste product consisting of everything that was removed from the created "fresh water". With coastal facilities, it may be possible to return it to the sea without harm if this concentrate does not exceed the normal ocean salinity gradients to which osmoregulators are accustomed. Reverse Osmosis, for instance, may remove 50% or more of the water, doubling the salinity of ocean waste. The benthic community cannot accommodate such an extreme change and many filter feeding animals are destroyed when the water is returned to the ocean. It is more of a problem as you move inland, as one needs to avoid ruining existing fresh water supplies such as ponds, rivers and aquifers. As such, proper disposal of "concentrate" needs to be investigated during the design phase.
و الموضوع مكون من عدة أجزاء انتقيت لكى أهمها و يمكن أن تأخذى أية جزء من هذه الاجزاء أذا أردتى
و الاول هو لأفضلها
و شكرا

[scorpionking4999]

و إليك ترجمة الجزء الاول و الذى انصح بأخذه أذا كنت تريدين جزء فقط منه :
يُشير مصطلح ُ التحليةُ إلى أيّ مِنْ عِدّة عمليات (مثل عملية : - التنافذ العكسي) التي تُزيلُ الملوحةَ الزائدة والمعادنَ الأخرى مِنْ الماءِ لكي نحْصلَ على الماء العذبِ المناسبِ للإستهلاك ( للاستخدام)ِ الحيوانيِ أَو الرَيِّ ، و إذا أزيلت تقريباً كُلّ الاملاحِ ، فإنها تصلح للإستهلاكِ ( الاستخدام) الإنسانيِ، و ينتج عنها فى بعض الاحيان ملح مائدة( الطعام) كناتج عرضي (ثانوى ). تحلية المياهِ المالحةِ شائعةُ في الولايات المتّحدةِ، حيث تُستَخدم ُ لتَنفيذ إلتزاماتِ معاهدةِ (اتفاقية ) مياهِ الانهار ِ الذي يَدْخلُ المكسيك. وفي الحقيقة، انتَشر إستعمال تقنية مياه البحر ِ فيما يزيد عن مائة بلد، و يمثل استخدام المملكة العربية السعودية حوالى 24 % مِنْ قدرةِ العالمِ الكليّةِ. و قد بَنتْ الكويت أول وحدة لتكرير مياة البحر واسعة النطاق على مستوى العالم في الستّيناتِ. و إحتياطيات طاقةِ الكويت عظيمة جداً حيث تنفرد الكويت في إستعمال ماء التحلية فى الزراعةِ. و تعتبر أكبر وحدة (تنافذ عكسي) لتكرير مياة بحر في العالم في عسقلان بإسرائيل. و قد بَدأَ العمل بها في أغسطس/آب 4, 2005، وهى قادرة على إنْتاج 100 مليون مترَ مكعّبَ مِنْ الماءِ بالعام





تحلية ماءِ المحيطِ نتنشر في الشرق الأوسطِ والكاريبي، و تتزايد بسرعة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، شمال أفريقيا، إسبانيا وأستراليا والصين. و هذه التقنية تستعمل أيضا على السُفنِ وفى غوّاصاتِ والجُزُرِ.

و النص السابق ترجمة للجزء التالى :
Desalination refers to any of several processes (e.g. reverse osmosis) that remove the excess salt and other minerals from water in order to obtain fresh water suitable for animal consumption or irrigation, and if almost all of the salt is removed, for human consumption, sometimes producing table salt as a by-product. Desalination of brackish water is already commonplace in the U.S., where it is used to meet treaty obligations for river water entering Mexico. Indeed, desalination has spread into use in over a hundred countries, with Saudi Arabia accounting for about 24% of total world capacity. Kuwait built the world's first large-scale desalination plant in the 1960s. Kuwait's energy reserves are so great that Kuwait is unique in using desalinated water for agriculture. The world's largest (reverse osmosis) desalination plant is in Ashkelon, Israel. It began operating on August 4, 2005, and it is capable of producing 100 million cubic meters of water per year


Desalination of ocean water is common in the Middle East and the Caribbean, and is growing fast in the USA, North Africa, Spain, Australia and China. It is also used on ships, submarines and islands.

و إذا أردت شيئأ أخر فقط أطلبيه منا هنا وستجدى بعون الله من يساعدك

[الدافوره]

مشكور اخوي.. على المعلومات..
بصراحه افادتني الله يعافيك عليها..
معليش على التأخير لاني كنت مسافره كم يوم..
وشكرا لك مره ثانيه